REGULATING SYNTHETIC VOICE IMPERSONATION IN COURTS: A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH PAPER WITH INDIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK
AUTHOR – MANAN JHAMB, STUDENT AT CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY
BEST CITATION – MANAN JHAMB, REGULATING SYNTHETIC VOICE IMPERSONATION IN COURTS: A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH PAPER WITH INDIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (3) OF 2026, PG. 352-361, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/UOUQ6138
I. UNDERSTANDING THE TOPIC: EXPLAINING
Concept: Synthetic Voice Impersonation
Artificial Voice Impersonation is when systems or people are deceived into thinking that an artificially created voice — produced by AI and Deepfake technology — is a genuine individual’s voice. In literature the fake voice creation process is called synthetic voice cloning or voice synthesis; AI algorithms are trained on a set of previously recorded voices to create vocalizations that mimic the tone of the training sample. The hyper-realism of these artificially created audio reproductions makes them nearly indistinguishable from actual human voices; thus, there are problems associated with deception and digital consent.[1] There is documented evidence of the use of fabricated/impersonated synthetic voice in committing crimes and fabricating evidence.
Thus, there is a very serious problem for Courts of Law — in which the presentation of fabricated audio recordings can be used as “evidence” to support claims of confessions from defendants or statements from witnesses or victims; therefore, the reliability of the trial being fair cannot be ensured and the integrity of the evidence has been questioned.[2]
[1] Kumar, R. (2025). Synthetic voice impersonation technology and the “Liars Dividend”: Regulatory gaps and comparative legal safeguards. Asian Journal of Law and Technology, 11(2), 177–210
[2] Kothari, V., & Tibrewala, A. (2024). Synthetic voice impersonation as a threat to judicial integrity and fair trial rights. Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law, 19(4), 87–109.