FORENSIC DNA FINGERPRINTING : RELIABILITY AND LEGAL ADMISSIBILITY IN INDIA

AUTHOR – JACOB JOE JEROME. E* & SUGITH KUMAR**

*STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU, CHENNAI

** PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – JACOB JOE JEROME. E & SUGITH KUMAR, FORENSIC DNA FINGERPRINTING : RELIABILITY AND LEGAL ADMISSIBILITY IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (3) OF 2026, PG. 464-475, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is one of the most important scientific developments in modern forensic science. It refers to the process of identifying individuals based on unique patterns in their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Since every individual, except identical twins, possesses a distinct genetic profile, DNA analysis has become a powerful tool in criminal investigations, paternity disputes, disaster victim identification, and other legal proceedings. The technique was first developed by Alec Jeffreys in 1984, which revolutionized forensic identification across the world. In India, the advancement of DNA fingerprinting was significantly influenced by the pioneering work of Lalji Singh, who developed indigenous DNA profiling techniques suited to Indian conditions.

Within the Indian legal system, the admissibility of DNA evidence is primarily recognized under the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, particularly Sections 45 and 51 relating to expert opinion. Over the years, Indian courts have increasingly relied on DNA evidence in criminal and civil matters, including rape cases, murder investigations, and paternity disputes. Judicial decisions such as Selvi v. State of Karnataka and Nandlal Wasudeo Badwaik v. Lata Nandlal Badwaik demonstrate the growing recognition of DNA profiling as reliable scientific evidence.

Despite its high accuracy and evidentiary value, the use of DNA fingerprinting in India faces several challenges. These include inadequate forensic infrastructure, delays in laboratory analysis, lack of trained personnel, and concerns regarding privacy and misuse of genetic data. Furthermore, the absence of a comprehensive legal framework governing DNA technology creates regulatory gaps. Therefore, strengthening forensic facilities, ensuring proper procedural safeguards, and implementing clear legislative guidelines are essential for enhancing the reliability, admissibility, and ethical use of DNA evidence in the Indian criminal justice system.